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Processes » Trials in General » Actions and Exceptions » Actions and exceptions in general
Canon 1491. Every right is reinforced not only by an action, unless otherwise expressly provided, but also by an exception.

Quodlibet ius non solum actione munitur, nisi aliud expresse cautum sit, sed etiam exceptione.
Canon 1492. §1 Every action is extinguished by prescription in accordance with the law, or in any other lawful way, with the exception of actions bearing on personal status, which are never extinguished.

§2 Without prejudice to the provision of can. 1462, an exception is always possible, and is of its nature perpetual.

§1. Quaevis actio extinguitur praescriptione ad normam iuris aliove legitimo modo, exceptis actionibus de statu personarum, quae numquam extinguuntur.

§2. Exceptio, salvo praescripto can. 1462, semper competit et est suapte natura perpetua.
Canon 1493. A plaintiff can bring several exceptions simultaneously against another person, concerning either the same matter or different matters, provided they are not in conflict with one another, and do not go beyond the competence of the tribunal that has been approached.

Actor pluribus simul actionibus, quae tamen inter se non confligant, sive de eadem re sive de diversis, aliquem convenire potest, si aditi tribunalis competentiam non egrediantur.
Canon 1494. §1 A respondent can institute a counter action against a plaintiff before the same judge and in the same trial, either by reason of the case’s connection with the principal action, or with a view to removing or mitigating the plaintiff’s plea.

§2 A counter action to a counter action is not admitted.

§1. Pars conventa potest coram eodem iudice in eodem iudicio contra actorem vel propter causae nexum cum actione principali vel ad submovendam vel ad minuendam actoris petitionem, actionem reconventionalem instituere.

§2. Reconventio reconventionis non admittitur.
Canon 1495. The counter action is to be proposed to the judge before whom the original action was initiated, even though he has been delegated for one case only, or is otherwise relatively non-competent.

Actio reconventionalis proponenda est iudici coram quo actio prior instituta est, licet ad unam causam dumtaxat delegato vel alioquin relative incompetenti.
Processes » Trials in General » Actions and Exceptions » Specific actions and exceptions
Canon 1496. §1 A person who advances arguments, which are at least probable, to support a right to something held by another, and to indicate an imminent danger of loss of the object unless it is handed over for safekeeping, has a right to obtain from the judge the sequestration of the object in question.

§2 In similar circumstances, a person can obtain a restraint on another person’s exercise of a right.

§1. Qui probabilibus saltem argumentis ostenderit super aliqua re ab alio detenta ius se habere, sibique damnum imminere nisi res ipsa custodienda tradatur, ius habet obtinendi a iudice eiusdem rei sequestrationem.

§2. In similibus rerum adiunctis obtinere potest, ut iuris exercitium alicui inhibeatur.
Canon 1497. §1 The sequestration of an object is also allowed for the security of a loan, provided there is sufficient evidence of the creditor’s right.

§2 Sequestration can also extend to the assets of a debtor which, on whatever title, are in the keeping of others, as well as to the loans of the debtor.

§1. Ad crediti quoque securitatem sequestratio rei admittitur, dummodo de creditoris iure satis constet.

§2. Sequestratio extendi potest etiam ad res debitoris quae quolibet titulo apud alias personas reperiantur, et ad debitoris credita.
Canon 1498. The sequestration of an object, and restraint on the exercise of a right, can in no way be decreed if the loss which is feared can be otherwise repaired, and a suitable guarantee is given that it will be repaired.

Sequestratio rei et inhibitio exercitii iuris decerni nullatenus possunt, si damnum quod timetur possit aliter reparari et idonea cautio de eo reparando offeratur.
Canon 1499. The judge who grants the sequestration of an object, or the restraint on the exercise of a right, can first impose on the person to whom the grant is made an undertaking to repay any loss if the right is not proven.

Iudex potest ei, cui sequestrationem rei vel inhibitionem exercitii iuris concedit, praeviam imponere cautionem de damnis, si ius suum non probaverit, resarciendis.
Canon 1500. In matters concerning the nature and effect of an action for possession, the provisions of the civil law of the place where the thing to be possessed is situated, are to be observed.

Ad naturam et vim actionis possessoriae quod attinet, serventur praescripta iuris civilis loci ubi sita est res de cuius possessione agitur.

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